Tension-type headache, previously called tension headache, is the most common kind of headache. A recent study found that in 2021 alone, nearly 122 million people (more than one in three people) in the United States experienced tension-type headaches.
Symptoms of Tension-Type Headache
- Feeling like a tight band is wrapped around the head
- Tenderness of the head and sometimes neck
- Mild or moderate pain intensity
Tension-type headaches can be as short as 30 minutes, but some may last up to a week.
Patterns of Tension-Type Headache
There are three main patterns of tension-type headache:
- Infrequent episodic: Occurring once a month or less
- Frequent episodic: Occurring between one and 14 days per month
- Chronic: Occurring more than 15 days per month or more than 180 days per year
What Causes Tension-Type Headache?
The exact cause of tension-type headache is unknown. Head and neck muscle structure and the network of nerves outside the brain and spine may possibly contribute to tension-type headache. Experts used to believe tension-type headaches were caused by muscle contractions in the head and neck, leading to muscle tightness in the scalp, but further research suggested that muscle contraction isn’t the cause.
Several factors may contribute to tension-type headaches, such as:
- Abnormal posture
- Stress
- Other underlying medical conditions
For example, looking down at a phone, staring at a computer screen, or work-related stress might contribute to a tension-type headache. Some underlying medical conditions, including anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, and temporomandibular jaw disorder (TMJ), can also cause tension-type headaches.
Newer research shows that people who get tension-type headaches may have increased sensitivity to pain.
Tension-Type Headache Versus Migraine
It can be hard to distinguish between tension-type headache and milder forms of migraine. One difference is that tension-type headaches do not cause nausea or vomiting. If the pain is associated with both sensitivity to light and sound, it is most likely a migraine. Unlike tension-type headache, migraine is often pulsating, felt on just one side of the head, and may be associated with an aura such as sparkles or dark spots in the vision.
How Do You Treat a Tension-Type Headache?
People who get occasional tension-type headaches usually treat them with over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen. However, if tension-type headaches are frequent or chronic, talk to a doctor. Tizanidine is a common prescription medication for chronic tension-type headaches. Other treatments may include certain antidepressants that help prevent headaches or non-pharmacologic options such as relaxation techniques, cognitive behavioral therapy, or physical therapy.
It is important to remember that tension-type headaches are common and treatment is available. Millions of people experience them, and medical professionals can help manage symptoms if needed.
